At 0x1800 in the time of the Ekeva, the citizens speaking the language of ‘a2-<eu3-‘a2-<u3, running the simulation of the Ekeva, added new entities to their simulation resembling themselves. When these entities spoke to the Ekeva, they did not understand what they were saying to each other. The king threw one foreigner into a fire for not speaking their language. The foreigners looked through the language database and found the dictionary.

A foreigner named Ba3-bi3-bu2-‘u3-bi2-‘u3 came to an Ekeva. The Ekeva introduced himself with the name Unekeedaeduepaimuenuezaane. The foreigner pulled out the dictionary and the synthesis database. The meaning of the name was “High Energy”.

The citizen introduced the foreigner to his twin. Her name was Apimuepaikeepaidaepaiduepaipaimuenuezaane. Her name meant “Very high energy”.

The citizen said in Ababiikeeva, “My twin and I are strong, but my twin is stronger than me. My twin and I frequently do our work fast, but my twin does her work faster.”

The foreigner said in Ababiikeeva, “So you and your twin do things great, but your twin does things better than you, right?”

The citizen replied in their language, “That’s right, my twin does things better than me.”

The foreigner found the twin probability database and increased the chance of two pairs of twins being born and the chance of the twins rewiring to the same gender.

New kings started being born in pairs and having the same gender as each other. The existential crisis number overflowed, and the simulation crashed with the error message, “Ekevaabiipaipaipaipaipaimueva. (Two people are too many people.)”

The simulation restarted with the year being 0x1800 again. The simulation crashed 10 times before the Ekeva became aware of the situation. The king threw a foreigner into the fire again, but the simulation crashed with every foreigner thrown into the fire. The king tried other ways to kill the foreigners, but every time a foreigner running the simulation tried to die, the simulation crashed, because if the foreigner entity was deleted, the camera cannot exist, but it must exist for the entity to link to a real person, creating a contradiction.

The king just gave up and fell into the fire by himself. Unekeedaeduepaimuenuezaane took his place. Everything went back to normal.

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This is where the war begins. The foreigners and Ekeva prepared their weapons. When one bullet was accidentally shot too far from the origin, it crashed the simulation due to floating point precision limits. This happened 20 times by the foreigners and 30 times by the Ekeva. Every time a foreigner died, the simulation crashed. After 8,000,000,000 foreigner deaths (equivalent to 8,000,000,000 simulation crashes), the Ekeva resigned and the foreigners won the war.

The foreigners running the simulation deleted the objects used in the war. Everything went back to normal.

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After the simulation workers stopped the war, they restarted it 10 times, and each time, the Ekeva resigned because of the simulation crashes they faced. Everything went back to normal.

This post introduces a language called Ababiikeeva (informally known as Apabiikeefa). If you are an Anizaukō, this language may be easy for you. The word order is SVO, with adjectives before nouns, but the subject, verb, and object of a clause need to be connected. Clause conjunctions are not attached onto objects or subjects.

The Ekeva (informally known as Ekefa) speak this language. Many Ekeva come in twins, and many higher classes treat twins the same, which is where the idiom “Ekevaabiinueva” (two people are one person) comes from.

For singular Ekeva, the science centers have been researching how twins are similar to each other, and they also have machines that make twins from a singular Ekeva.

The Ekeva live in Ababi (informally known as Apabi), where citizens are sensitive to formality. Their king expects all people to talk to him using formal speech. Any person who does not use formal speech when talking to him will be tossed into a fire. The king speaks to every person informally.

However, this made lower classes invent the “King Paradox”. There are two kings. These kings do not want to be tossed into a fire. If one king speaks to the other informally, one king will be tossed into a fire. So the king is forced to speak formally, but the king speaks to everyone informally. Not even semi-formal speech can solve this paradox.

When the kings saw this paradox, they were stumped, because the kings could potentially be very far apart, which makes the servants take a long time to send the message.

Twin Ekeva generally have opposite genders, but there is a chance for two pairs of twins’ relationships to connect to equal genders while they are in the womb. When one twin discovers their twin has the same gender, both twins have an existential crisis over each other.

Hospitals can analyze twin relationships to see if they have the same gender, but when they do, the doctor gives both twins a medicine for clearing out their existential crisis.

However, if a twin takes more than one pill of existential crisis clearing medicine (also known as ECCM), the existential crisis might become permanent and spread to the twin’s twin.

When the king sees twins with the same gender and an existential crisis, he acts like a doctor class to them. It turns out some of the servants were doctors, and they shared their ECCM with the king. If a twin takes more than one pill, the twin is tossed into a fire.

Phonology

closure	front unrounded	front rounded	back unrounded	back rounded
closed	/i/	/y/	w /ɯ/	/u/
middle	/e/			/o/
open	a /a~ɑ/		a /a~ɑ/

articulation manner	bilabial	alveolar	velar	palatal
plosive (voiceless)	/p/	/t/	/k/
plosive (voiced)	/b/	/d/	/g/
nasal (voiced)	/m/	/n/	ng /ŋ/
fricative (voiceless)	f /ɸ/	/s/	kh /x/
fricative (voiced)	v /β/	/z/	gh /ɣ/
approximant (voiced)				i /j/
approximant (labial)			u /w/
approximant (lateral)		/l/

• The syllable structure is (C)V. There are no coda consonants, ever.
• Plosives and fricatives can combine with L to form onset clusters, such as PL, GL, TL, and VL.
• All vowels have long variants, which are not listed in the chart.
• /j/ is only seen when short /i/ is in a vowel chain.
• /w/ is only seen when short /u/ is in a vowel chain.
• A vowel chain is a group of at least two vowels. Long vowels are not vowel chains.

Synthesis

Here is a table of the forms of some common words:

base	initial	medial	final
pa (I)	apa	paa	pa
papa (we)	apapa	paapa	papa
une (one)	une	nue	ne
ibike (clone)	ibike	biike	bike

Here are some patterns you may have noticed:

• If a word begins with a consonant, the vowel A is added before it to mark the initial form. If a word begins with a vowel, the word itself is the initial form.
• To convert an initial form into a medial form, move the onset of the second syllable to be the onset of the second one.
• To convert a medial form into a final form, change the vowel of the first syllable to the vowel of the second syllable, then shorten the vowel.

Make sure to note down some important words and their initial, medial, and final forms.

Classes

Here is a table of the classes of the name Abakeeva:

class	informal	formal	semi-formal
king, officer	Abakeevuba	Abakeevaba	Abakeevwba
boss, gym teacher	Abakeevugeghe	Abakeevageghe	Abakeevwgeghe
general teacher	Abakeevubia	Abakeevabia	Abakeevwbia
doctor, inventor, injector	Abakeevudeke	Abakeevadeke	Abakeevwdeke
parent	Abakeevueva	Abakeevaeva	Abakeevweva
general high class	Abakeevua	Abakeevaa	Abakeevwa
friend, twin	Abakeevuke	Abakeevake	Abakeevwke
internet friend that you have never met in real life	Abakeevune	Abakeevane	Abakeevwne
general similar class	Abakeevuw	Abakeevaw	Abakeevww
gym student, worker	Abakeevukekhe	Abakeevakekhe	Abakeevwkekhe
general student	Abakeevupia	Abakeevapia	Abakeevwpia
patient, inventee (invented object), injectee (object being injected)	Abakeevuteke	Abakeevateke	Abakeevwteke
child	Abakeevuefa	Abakeevaefa	Abakeevwefa
general low class	Abakeevuu	Abakeevau	Abakeevwu
servant	Abakeevupa	Abakeevapa	Abakeevwpa
foreigner	Abakeevu	Abakeeva	Abakeevw

Names in different formalities have different ending vowels in their foreigner form.

• informal: u
• formal: a
• semi-formal: w

Here are the classes for any general name, not including formality:

class	suffix
king, officer	-ba
boss, gym teacher	-geghe
general teacher	-bia
doctor, inventor, injector	-deke
parent	-eva
general high class	-a
friend, twin	-ke
internet friend that you have never met in real life	-ne
general similar class	-w
gym student, worker	-kekhe
general student	-pia
patient, inventee (invented object), injectee (object being injected)	-teke
child	-efa
general low class	-u
servant	-pa

These class suffixes do not just apply to names, they also apply to nouns, verbs, and adjectives. The verb has the same class as the subject. The adjective has the same class as the modified noun. Verbs and adjectives are not affected by formality when attached to a class suffix.

• Apubiakakheubia. (As a general teacher, I speak.)
• Abapiakakheupia. (As a general student, I speak.)

The phrase “I speak” can also be used to mean “hello”.

• Apubiakakheubia. (As a general teacher, hello.)
• Abapiakakheupia. (As a general student, hello.)

Although the word order is SVO, the subject must be of an equal or higher class than the object. If this is false, the word be (not bi) is placed before the verb.

• Apubianuutupia. (I meet you.)
• Apubiabeenuutupia. (You meet me.)

Only types of people, excluding pronouns, have a wide range for a default class. All other things have a default class of “foreigner”. The default class is the class a noun is treated without a specified class.

The class system is also used to conjugate verbs. This conjugation is placed after the conjugation from the subject. Here are the meanings of each class when attached to the verb for “speak” (akakheu):

class	full meaning	concise (or common words) approximation
king, officer	command [X] to speak	force [X] to speak
boss, gym teacher	give [X] the job of speaking	hire [X] with speaking
general teacher	teach [X] how to speak	teach [X] how to speak
doctor, inventor, injector	invent speaking	invent speaking
parent	care to speak	care to speak
general high class	will speak	will speak
friend (-ku)	be spoken	(passive voice, do not use in concise speech)
twin	speak with [X]	speak with [X]
internet friend that you have never met in real life	speak on the internet	speak on the internet
general similar class	be speaking	be speaking
gym student, worker	be given by [X] the job of speaking	(passive voice, do not use in concise speech)
general student	learn how to speak	learn how to speak
patient, inventee (invented object), injectee (object being injected)	be invented with speaking	(passive voice, do not use in concise speech)
child	be cared to speak	(passive voice, do not use in concise speech)
general low class	spoke	spoke
servant	be commanded by [X] to speak	must speak
general very low class (-uu*)	have spoken	have spoken

*when this comes after -u, the -u becomes -w.

Verb conjugations can also stack with each other. Here, the columns represent the primary class, and the rows represent the secondary class. Each conjugation is classified as an intersection of two conjugations. Here are the high primary class and high secondary class conjugations:

speak (akakheu)	king, officer	boss, gym teacher	general teacher	doctor, inventor, injector	parent	general high class
king, officer	command [X] to command [Y] to speak	give [X] the job of commanding [Y] to speak	teach [X] how to command [Y] to speak	invent commanding [X] to speak	care to command [X] to speak	will command [X] to speak
boss, gym teacher	command [X] to give [Y] the job of speaking	give [X] the job of giving [Y] the job of speaking	teach [X] how to give [Y] the job of speaking	invent giving [X] the job of speaking	care to give [X] the job of speaking	will give [X] the job of speaking
general teacher	command [X] to teach [Y] how to speak	give [X] the job of teaching [Y] how to speak	teach [X] how to teach [Y] how to speak	invent teaching [X] how to speak	care to teach [X] how to speak	will teach [X] how to speak
doctor, inventor, injector	command [X] to invent speaking	give [X] the job of inventing speaking	teach [X] how to invent speaking	invent inventing speaking	care to invent speaking	will invent speaking
parent	command [X] to care to speak	give [X] the job of caring to speak	teach [X] how to care to speak	invent caring to speak	care to care to speak	will care to speak
general high class	command [X] to speak in the future	give [X] the job of speaking in the future	teach [X] how to speak in the future	invent speaking in the future	care to speak in the future	will speak in the far future

The secondary part of the conjugation is underlined, because in some cases, the secondary part changes its wording in the translation while preserving the main meaning. The full conjugation table can be formed manually by combining conjugations.

Formal Word Order

In formal speech, words are placed in order from highest to lowest class. Subjects and verbs are marked as a doctor, and objects are marked as a patient.

Pronouns

Do not worry, they are simple. Here are the informal pronouns:

• pa (first person)
• ta (second person)
• ka (third person, gender-neutral)
• ke (third person, male)
• ki (third person, female)

Here are the formal pronouns:

• ba (first person)
• da (second person)
• ga (third person, gender-neutral)
• ge (third person, male)
• gi (third person, female)

Notice how voicing distinguishes between the formalities.

People and Plants

Here are the informal words for people and plants:

• fa (person)
• sa (plant)
• kha (life)
• khu (death)
• akha (to live)
• akhu (to die)

Here are the formal words:

• va (person)
• za (plant)
• gha (life)
• ghu (death)
• agha (to live)
• aghu (to die)

These words follow simple patterns due to them being essential to life.

Numbers

Numbers are simply based on loanwords from Factoran. Many of these numbers end with consonants, so they gain an E at the end. Here are some non-composite numbers:

• une (one)
• eke (two)
• ade (three)
• ude (five)
• pime (seven)

Composite numbers can be constructed by fusing numbers together, which multiplies them.

• ekeke (four)
• ekede (six)
• ekekeeke (eight)
• ekedue* (ten)
• *to avoid homonyms, the negation is kept in the final form.

To construct other non-composite numbers, the word a (and) is used to add numbers. It is all of its forms. The new number has U’s on both of its sides, so it works as a factor. These numbers also work as addends.

• upimeakeekeu (eleven)
• uupimeakeekeuakeu (thirteen)

Now here is a puzzle for you. How do you make the number sixty-seven? (Hint: it is a prime.)

The word for zero is nule.

Thankfully, though, in everyday speech, they have a base-4 system using the syllabary, even in formal speech. Here are the four main numbers:

• a (0)
• pa (1)
• ba (2)
• ma (3)

These numbers can combine with each other to form bigger numbers.

• paa (4)
• papa (5)
• paba (6)
• pama (7)
• baa (8)
• maa (12)

The word for 16 is va.

• vapa (17)
• vaba (18)
• vama (19)

In scientific contexts, the factor-based numbers are still used, because it allows them to store checklists in single numbers.

Length

Rice is not just a common food grown in Ababi. Its grains are also used as a unit of length. A grain is about 1 centimeter long. The shape of a grain is approximately a spheroid with a radius of 1/16 centimeters and a height of 1 centimeter.

Grains

Grains were not just used as a unit of length. They were also used to count. Digits are placed from left to right. Here are the descriptions on where to place a grain for each digit:

Digit	Grain Arrangement
1	One vertical grain
2	Two vertical grains
3	Two vertical grains and one horizontal grain
4	Two vertical grains and two horizontal grains

To multiply numbers, they laid the grains of each number in a single line, where the first number’s grains go horizontally, and the second number’s grains go vertically. Then they laid a grain on each square where a grain of a number existed in its row and its column. They removed the grains of the numbers, and they rearranged the remaining grains into a number.

When a digit was filled with four grains, the next grain would be placed on the next digit. It was simple to add numbers using grains. When a digit overflowed, it carried its excess grains into the next digit.

Possession

If a noun B attaches after a noun A, noun B becomes a possessor. However, vowel harmony will affect the vowels in the possessor.

• I, Y, and A can appear together.
• O, W, and U can appear together.
• E can separate these groups.
• These rules only apply to possessors.
• The vowel directly before the possessor is checked against the vowels in the possessor.

Here are some examples:

• gha (life)
• aghaba (my life)
• ghu (death)
• aghubu (my death)

Chess

Aghaghu (informally known as Akhakhu), the Ekeva’s variant of chess, uses a 16×16 board. The rules are the same as regular chess, with these changes. The pieces are known as Aghaghuuva (informally known as Akhakhuufa).

• The board has 16 big squares, where each big square is a 4×4 rectangle of small squares.
• When a piece enters a different big square, it cannot move out of the big square it entered for three full turns.
• Each piece has a class associated with it.
• Although kings are male (pekeva) and queens are female (bekeva), they are both treated as a king class.
• Rooks are treated as a general teacher class.
• Bishops and knights are treated as a friend class. An -a marks a bishop, and an -u marks a knight.
• Pawns are treated as a servant class.
• On rank 2, the white side has pawns. On rank 1, from left to right, the order of the pieces is rook, knight, bishop, knight, bishop, knight, bishop, queen, king, bishop, knight, bishop, knight, bishop, knight, and rook.
• This setup is mirrored for the black side, making sure each queen is on its own colored square.

Here are the names of the pieces:

piece	informal	formal
king	Pakhakhuufuba	Paghaghuuvaba
queen	Bakhakhuufuba	Baghaghuuvaba
rook	Akhakhuufubia	Aghaghuuvabia
bishop	Akhakhuufukea	Aghaghuuvakea
knight	Akhakhuufukeu	Aghaghuuvakeu
pawn	Akhakhuufupa	Aghaghuuvapa

Scrabble

Their version of Scrabble, known formally as Ababiinweva, uses a value system based on the phonological features of a syllable. Here are the values for the onset of a syllable:

• Nasal consonants are worth 1 point.
• Voiced plosives are worth 2 points.
• Voiceless plosives are worth 3 points.
• Voiced fricatives are worth 3 points.
• Voiceless fricatives are worth 4 points.
• If the onset is L or does not exist, it is worth 6 points.

Here are the values for the vowel of a syllable:

vowel	value
E	1
A	2
I	3
U	3
O	4
Y	4
W	4

Long vowels add an extra 1 to the vowel value. The value of a syllable is its onset value plus its vowel value. The value of a full word is the sum of its syllables’ values. The syllables with the highest value are LOO, LYY, LWW, OO, YY, and WW.

At first, this game was only released in 0x2008 with a syllabary for informal writing and loanwords. However, many high classes were angry because it did not help them with the logography they use to write letters to their parents, teachers, and doctors,

In 0x200A, the logography expansion pack was released with a set of radicals. Each radical’s value is based on its value as a word in its base form. However, for some words, it was hard to decompose them in the correct order.

In 0x200C, a sheet was released for converting logographs in the dictionary into radicals in the correct order. There were two dictionaries for the logography. One dictionary was ordered by pronunciation, and the other dictionary was ordered by radicals. Each dictionary also had an index for finding words by the first consonant (or radical).

Idioms

Here is a list of idioms:

meaning	literal	informal	formal
Citizen	Two people	Ekefa	Ekeva
Country	I am	Apabi	Ababi
To clone (with a purpose)	Be two	Ibiba	Ibike
To clone (without a purpose)	Be three	Ibima	Ibide
To clone (accidentally)	Be seven	–	Ibipime
To clone (accidentally)	Be four	Ibipaa	–
Sun	Plant as parent	Sueva	Zaeva
Plant (common form)	Plant as child	Suefa	Zaefa
Today is hot.	The sun is one.	Asuevabiine.	Azaevabiine.
Today is very hot.	The sun is two.	Asuevabiike.	Azaevabiike.
Today is too hot.	The sun is three.	Asuevabiide.	Azaevabiide.
Today is cold.	The sun is one not.	Asuevabiineu.	Azaevabiineu.
Today is very cold.	The sun is two not.	Asuevabiikeu.	Azaevabiikeu.
Today is too cold.	The sun is three not.	Asuevabiideu.	Azaevabiideu.
Half / For the twins	Two not	–	Ekeu
Rice / Grain	One plant one	Unesaane	Unezaane

Loanwords

Here are some loanwords in Ababiikeeva:

English	Ababiikeeva
font	fonataaenae
fox	fokaaesakaae
type	taiaapaaedaiaaepa
dog	doiaauagae
America	amaeelaieekaaelaka
Britain	baliitaniidaaneeiana
Indonesia	inaadoaaneesuuiaeeza
Thailand	taiaalaaenadaaelaaenadae
ten (for base 10 system)	tedenaaedaaetedaaena
board	bolaaepaaelaaedaaeta

aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cubGFnaGFyaXBvcnRhbHMuY29tLzI4bC9iYWJiZXA=

This is a post about my conlang Bipamo (now known as ‘a2-<eu3-‘a2-<u3), a dialect of Factoran. Its writing looks like the vertical script of Bābbé̬p.

Phonology

(-) means voiceless, and (+) means voiced. < is the clapped consonant, and it is not an official IPA consonant.

	front	back
closed	/i/	/u/
middle	/e/	/o/
open	a /a~ɑ/	a /a~ɑ/

	bilabial	alveolar	velar	post-alveolar	palatal	glottal
plosive (-)	/p/	/t/	/k/			‘ /ʔ/
plosive (+)	/b/	/d/	/g/
nasal (+)	/m/	/n/	ng /ŋ/
fricative (-)	f /ɸ/	/s/	h /x~h/	sh /ʃ/		h /x~h/
affricate (-)				tsh /ʧ/
fricative (+)				zh /ʒ/
affricate (+)				dzh /ʤ/
approximant (-)					y /j/
approximant (labial)			/w/
approximant (lateral)		/l/

Here are some notes:

• This language uses clapped consonants, and < itself is also a clapped consonant. Clapped consonants are not included in the consonant table.
• Clapped consonants are constructed by putting < after a consonant. Clapped ‘ becomes <.
• Consonants Y and W can combine with plosives, nasals, and fricatives, except for ‘, to form onset clusters, such as BY, DW, and MY.
• Vowels I and U can combine with other vowels to form diphthongs, such as AI, EU, or OI.
• The syllable structure is CV(C), meaning every syllable must have an onset consonant. Every consonant is a valid onset consonant, except for NG and NG<.
• Loanwords without an initial consonant take the glottal stop as an onset.
• Nasals and voiceless fricatives, without claps, are valid coda consonants. Fricative codas are spelled as plosives.
• Spelled voiced plosive codas turn into I plus a voiceless fricative when pronounced.
• H has two pronunciations. One of them is velar, and the other one is glottal.
• All approximants are voiced. Here, (-) means nothing else is applied.

Tones

This language features a tone system with six tones: neutral, middle, high, low, rising, and falling. Here are some notes about them:

• The neutral tone has a shorter duration than the middle tone.
• The high and low tones are glides from the middle tone. The name determines the direction of the glide.
• The rising tone is similar to the high tone, but it is nudged lower.
• The falling tone is similar* to the low tone, but it is nudged higher.
• The ordering of tones is neutral, middle, high, low, rising, and falling.
• *The words “similar” and “identical” do not mean the same thing.

Plurals

Every noun has one plural form, except for first-person pronouns. To pluralize a noun, duplicate its first syllable. Then remove the coda consonant of the new first syllable, including any I’s attached to it. Then change the tone of the first syllable to the middle tone.

If the onset of the first syllable is a fricative, and the onset of the second syllable is a plosive, modify the second syllable instead of the first syllable.

The first-person plural pronouns are ba2-ba3 (without the listener) and ba3-ba4 (with the listener).

When nouns have a quantifier before them, they are not pluralized.

Class System

This language features a class system for nouns with six classes. Three of them describe animate objects, and three of them describe inanimate objects. Two inanimate classes describe formerly animate objects.

Classes	Example	Example	Example	Example	Example	Example
Person	Person	Computer*	Child	Calculator*	Genius	Supercomputer*
Animal	Pig	Cow	Chicken
Plant	Flower	Rose	Violet	Sunflower	Tree
Seed	Rose Seed	Violet Seed	Sunflower Seed
Food	Pork	Milk**	Egg	Blood???**	Lava???**
Inanimate	Bed	Clock	Book	Map	Pen	Hat

*not exactly a person, but it has intelligence.

**a drink or a liquid.

But whatever you do, DO NOT dare to eat or drink anything with three question marks after it. I doubt those things are actual foods.

Inflection

When adjectives modify nouns, a suffix is attached to them based on the class of the modified noun. Here are the suffixes for each noun class:

• -da3 (person class)
• -da2 (animal class)
• -da4 (plant class)
• -dwa3 (seed class)
• -dwa2 (food class)
• -dwa4 (inanimate class)

The suffix’s vowel changes to match the noun’s last syllable’s vowel. The suffix’s tone does not change.

If the sentence’s object is an adjective, the adjective still needs to be inflected based on the subject’s class.

The inflection system was standardized at 0x2028 (decimal: 8232) in the ‘a2-<eu3 era, so most songs and podcasts before the time used the base form of adjectives.

Pronouns

Pronouns are formed by taking Ba1 (neutral tone) and changing its tone for each pronoun. Here is a quick pronoun dictionary:

• Ba3 (high tone) is the first-person pronoun.
• Ba4 (low tone) is the second-person pronoun.
• Ba2 (middle tone) is the third-person gender-neutral pronoun.
• Ba5 (rising tone) is the third-person masculine pronoun.
• Ba6 (falling tone) is the third-person feminine pronoun.
• For inanimate objects, use the third-person gender-neutral pronoun.

Possessives

• ‘a2: mouth
• ‘a2-fa2-ba3: my mouth
• ‘a2-fa2-ba2-ba3: our mouth (but not yours)
• ‘a2-fa2-ba3-ba4: our mouth (and yours)
• ‘a2-fa2-ba4: your mouth
• ‘a2-fa2-ba2-ba4: your (plural) mouth
• ‘a2-fa2-ba2: its mouth
• ‘a2-fa2-ba2-ba2: their (mixed gender or all gender-neutral) mouth
• ‘a2-fa2-ba5: his mouth
• ‘a2-fa2-ba2-ba5: their (all male) mouth
• ‘a2-fa2-ba6: her mouth
• ‘a2-fa2-ba2-ba6: their (all female) mouth

Possessives are not inflected, even after the time when inflections were standardized.

Truth States

• Da3 (high tone) is the true state.
• Da4 (low tone) is the false state.
• Da2 (middle tone) is the maybe state.
• Da5 (rising tone) is the frequent state.
• Da6 (falling tone) is the infrequent state.
• If you doubt the probability, use the maybe state.

The Game of Twenty Questions

Here are some changes to the game of twenty questions for them:

• Yes and no have been replaced with true and false. The whole variety of truth states is available as an answer to the questions. A guide can be seen below:

State Usage (for Twenty Questions)	Them – False	Them – True	Them – Maybe
Others – False	False	Frequent	Maybe
Others – True	Infrequent	True	Maybe
Others – Maybe	Maybe	Maybe	Maybe

Emotions

• Dya3 (high tone) is the happy emotion.
• Dya4 (low tone) is the sad emotion.
• Dya2 (middle tone) is the neutral emotion.
• Dya5 (rising tone) is the calm emotion.
• Dya6 (falling tone) is the angry emotion.

Clause Conjunctions

• Tya3 means “and”.
• Ta2-ya3 means “and then”.
• Tya4 means “but”.
• Ta2-ya4 means “but then”.
• Tya2 means “or”.
• Tye3 means “because”.
• Tye4 means “so”.
• Ta3 means “if”.
• Ta4 means “else”.

There are also suffixes to attach to the conjunctions. Here they are:

• -ya3 transfers the subject of the previous sentence to be the subject of the next sentence.
• -ya4 transfers the object of the previous sentence to be the subject of the next sentence.
• -ya2 transfers the whole previous sentence to be this sentence. There must be a clause conjunction after this suffix.
• Combine the vowel of the conjunction with U to shift the “previous” sentence one sentence back.

Word Order

The word order is SVO (Subject-Verb-Object), with adjectives before nouns, but the subject must be of an equal or higher class than the object. If this is false, then Bu2 (middle tone) is placed before the verb to swap the subject and the object in the meaning.

• Ba3 hef3 g<if3. (I have a gift.)
• Ba3 bu2 hef3 g<if3. (A gift has me.)

Negation

Every verb and adjective, in their base form, has one syllable with a high tone. I call this syllable the “dependent syllable”. To negate a verb or adjective, change the tone of the dependent syllable to the low tone. Some nouns are also treated this way.

• Ba3 ‘a2-<e4-<o3. (I eat.)
• Ba3 ‘a2-<e4-<o4. (I do not eat.)

Questions

To turn a positive sentence into a question, change the tone of the verb’s dependent syllable to the rising tone. To turn a negative sentence into a question, change the tone of the verb’s dependent syllable to the falling tone.

• Ba4 ‘a2-<e4-<o3. (You eat.)
• Ba4 ‘a2-<e4-<o5. (Do you eat?)

Tenses

Tenses are indicated by putting a word before the verb. If there is no tense word before the verb, it is assumed to be the present tense.

• Ba3 ha4 ‘a2-<e4-<o3. (I ate.)
• Ba3 ha3 ‘a2-<e4-<o3. (I will eat.)
• Ba3 h<a2 ‘a2-<e4-<o3. (I am eating.)
• Ba3 h<a4 ‘a2-<e4-<o3. (I was eating.)
• Ba3 h<a3 ‘a2-<e4-<o3. (I will be eating.)
• Ba3 hya2 ‘a2-<e4-<o3. (I have eaten.)
• Ba3 hya4 ‘a2-<e4-<o3. (I had eaten.)
• Ba3 hya3 ‘a2-<e4-<o3. (I will have eaten.)
• Ba3 h<ya2 ‘a2-<e4-<o3. (I have been eating.)
• Ba3 h<ya4 ‘a2-<e4-<o3. (I had been eating.)
• Ba3 h<ya3 ‘a2-<e4-<o3. (I will have been eating.)
• Ba3 ha2-ya2 ‘a2-<e4-<o3. (I have eaten.*)
• Ba3 ha2-ya4 ‘a2-<e4-<o3. (I had eaten.*)
• Ba3 ha2-ya3 ‘a2-<e4-<o3. (I will have eaten.*)
• *These are stronger versions of the perfect aspect. I can do better.

There are also words which* compare times. These words are used as tenses of a sentence after tya3 (and).

• hwa4 (before)
• hwa3 (after)
• hwa2 (when)
• ha4-wa4 (just before)
• ha4-wa3 (just after)
• ha3-wa4 (far before)
• ha3-wa3 (far after)
• *I do not use the word “that”, because this video says not to do so: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vZRtDe8n_KA

These time-comparative words can also be used to express tenses in alternate timelines.

• Ba3 hwa4 ‘a2-<e4-<o3. (I ate.)
• Ba3 hwa3 ‘a2-<e4-<o3. (I will eat.)
• Ba3 hw<a2 ‘a2-<e4-<o3. (I am eating.)
• Ba3 hw<a4 ‘a2-<e4-<o3. (I was eating.)
• Ba3 hw<a3 ‘a2-<e4-<o3. (I will be eating.)
• Ba3 hu2-ya2 ‘a2-<e4-<o3. (I have eaten.)
• Ba3 hu2-ya4 ‘a2-<e4-<o3. (I had eaten.)
• Ba3 hu2-ya3 ‘a2-<e4-<o3. (I will have eaten.)
• Ba3 h<u2-ya2 ‘a2-<e4-<o3. (I have been eating.)
• Ba3 h<u2-ya4 ‘a2-<e4-<o3. (I had been eating.)
• Ba3 h<u2-ya3 ‘a2-<e4-<o3. (I will have been eating.)
• Ba3 hau2-ya2 ‘a2-<e4-<o3. (I have eaten.*)
• Ba3 hau2-ya4 ‘a2-<e4-<o3. (I had eaten.*)
• Ba3 hau2-ya3 ‘a2-<e4-<o3. (I will have eaten.*)
• *These are stronger versions of the perfect aspect. I can do better.

If the subject is a second-person pronoun, and the verb is in the future tense, imperatives can also be expressed. To be polite, you can also use ha5 instead of ha3.

• Ba4 ha3 ‘a2-<e4-<o3. (Eat.)
• Ba4 ha5 ‘a2-<e4-<o3. (Please eat.)

Infinitives are expressed by adding ‘a2- before the verb.

• ‘a2-<e4-<o3 (eat)
• ‘a2-‘a2-<e4-<o3 (to eat)

Articles

Articles are attached to the noun as prefixes. They are not inflected.

• ‘a4-g<if3 (a gift)
• ‘a3-g<if3 (the gift)

Directions

Directions are formed by taking Ma1-na1 (neutral) and changing its tones to indicate the direction. Here is a quick direction dictionary:

• Ma2-na2 means “center” or “origin”. It can also mean “where you come from”. It is associated with the Chinese character 中.
• Ma3 means “east” or 东. Its opposite, Ma4, means “west” or 西.
• Na3 means “north” or 北. Its opposite, Na4, means “south” or 南.
• M-directions can join with N-directions to make compound directions.

Numbers

Numbers in Bipamo use base 16, making them compatible with binary. A word for a single digit is formed by taking ba2-‘a3-pa2-‘a3 (number), and changing its vowels for each digit. The value of the digit is converted into binary, and each digit, from left to right, fills in each value, from left to right. Zeros become U’s, and ones become I’s. To see how this is used, check out https://joshuanugroho.com/2025/09/19/base-6-from-names, where I make base 6 systems from simple names.

Subset Variant (informal)

Digits in informal writing can also take the subset variant, which only keeps syllables with I as a vowel. Then the vowels are changed back into A’s.

Ordinals

Ordinals are marked using “di4” before the number, which is associated with the Chinese character 第.

General Units

The word ku2-‘i3 is used to mark an arbitrary unit. This is used when foreign units need a name. This unit is treated as a seed class, while native units are treated as a plant class.

Units of Measurement

The word “fe3” means “centimeter”, and “fe2-‘e3” means “16 centimeters”. A fe2-‘e3 is also the side length of an average computer cube. A calculator is simpler, so an average calculator cube has a side length of 0.5 fe2-‘e3.

Angles

While most languages use degrees, which make a full circle at 360 degrees, Bipamo uses <o2, and they make a full circle at 256 <o2. Here are some common angles in <o2:

• 180 degrees: 128 <o2
• 90 degrees: 64 <o2
• 45 degrees: 32 <o2

To convert any other angle from degrees to <o2, solve for x in n/360 = x/256, where n is the number of degrees.

Time

In Bipamo, a week is 16 days long, a month is 16 weeks long, and a year is 16 months long. In Bipamo, a decade is 16 years long, a century is 16 decades long, and a millennium is 16 centuries long. In Bipamo, a day is 32 hours long, an hour is 64 minutes long, and a minute is 64 seconds long.

• hye4: day
• he4: week
• he2: month
• he3: year
• he2-‘e4: decade
• he2-‘e2: century
• he2-‘e3: millennium
• hwe4: second
• hwe2: minute
• hwe3: hour

Currency

In Bipamo, the currency units are called ‘a2-de3 (cubes). The name is actually a loanword from Factoran, which Bipamo is a dialect of. There are two types of ‘a2-de3.

• The ‘a2-de3 with electrons, ‘e3-‘a2-de3 inside represent a 1 in binary notation. On their own, they are worth 1 cube.
• The ‘a2-de3 without electrons, ‘e4-‘a2-de3 inside represent a 0 in binary notation. On their own, they are worth 0 cubes.

There is a lamp inside them, which is powered by electrons. This makes it easy to differentiate ‘e3-‘a2-de3 and ‘e4-‘a2-de3 just by looking at them.

To use them as payment, a special plate is used to insert each cube. The receiver reads the plate at its correct orientation, and interprets it as a binary number.

The cube storage machine has a computer which reads the plate to give the hexadecimal notation. It also has an input plate which can be used to store money. Once you store the money, the computer reads the input plate, and it adds or removes electrons from cubes based on computations.

To get money from the machine, enter a number using the hexadecimal pad, then press the button. The computer then does computations and returns the cubes with the output plate.

There are banks (‘a2-de3-ga4) which make cubes, which are then used for payment. They have a factory which makes ‘e4-‘a2-de3, and a factory which inserts electrons into cubes.

These banks also make cuboids, which are twice as wide as regular cubes. On their own, with electrons inside, they are worth 3 cubes. Without electrons inside, they are worth 0 cubes. There are machines which take cuboids, and split them into two cubes.

Colors

Our eyes (‘i2) receive colors from objects around us, such as roses and violets. The colors are split into different wavelengths (la3), and then our brain processes these wavelengths as colors (‘i2-la3) and combines them. In Bipamo, all color names contain ‘i2-la3, meaning “color”, followed by a truth state answering the question, “Is its wavelength long?”

Color Dictionary

• Red? Yes.
• Orange? Frequently.
• Yellow? Maybe.
• Green? Infrequently.
• Blue? No.
• Indigo? Infrequently and* no.
• Violet? No and* no.
• *There is no clause conjunction between them.

A truth state can also appear before the word for “color”. This can answer the question, “Is it bright?”

Color Brightness

• Bright? Yes.
• Normal? Maybe*.
• Dark? No.
• *This may be omitted.

Purple

While purple is not a real color, it is a mixture of two colors: red and violet. So for purple, yes, no, and no.

Brown

The old name for brown in Bipamo meant “dark orange”, but now in everyday speech, the word tsho2-ko3 (chocolate) is used for brown. In scientific contexts, the old name is still used.

Recently, I have found five vowels from the language of Solar, at https://www.laghariportals.com/hekenic. At the “phonology” section, I saw all of the main vowels (except for o) and an extra vowel ä. I decided to make my own language that includes all of these vowels (and o).

I used the vowel spectrum from https://www.youtube.com/@L4MPLIGHT, with vowels in this order: i ~ e ~ a ~ o ~ u. For ä, it fits like this: e ~ ä ~ a. So the full spectrum is: i ~ e ~ ä ~ a ~ o ~ u. i maps to 0, and u maps to 5. The other vowels map to the numbers between 1 and 4, inclusive.

Next, I need a base name to make the numbers. For this case, I will choose Pomni (24). Breaking this up into separate letters gives us p, o, m, n, and i. There are two vowels in this word. We will start with the numerical layout.

So there are some simple cases, like Pimni (0) and Pemne (7). Pämnä is 14, so it is easy to detect multiples of 7 up to Pumnu (35). To make a shortcut, I use the suffix -ere, which is a shortened form of Repet (repeat). So Pimni (0) becomes Pimnere, and Pemne (7) becomes Pemnere.

Of course, I can choose other names, like Kinito. Or I can build up from existing names, like Pomni (24) to Pomini (144), or Kinito (4) to Kiminito (4). Or I can combine names, like Kinito (4) and Pomni (24) to make Kinitomni (24), or Pomni (24) and Kinito (4) to make Pomnito (148). One way to do this is to notice shared vowels that can blend nicely.

For other numbers, the vowels map like this: p A m n B to A B, where A and B are vowels representing digits. So Pimne is 1, and Pemni is 6.